Archaeological investigations at the Pleasant River Mouth Site have made a very significant contribution to our understanding of early Maori settlement in New Zealand, assisting in particular with the formulation and refinement of archaeological theory on the nature of settlement patterns in southern New Zealand. The Pleasant River Mouth Site is one of several key Archaic period sites in southern New Zealand re-analysed by Otago University archaeologists during the s and s, in order to test settlement pattern models. Results from excavations at Pleasant River Mouth in the early s provide support to the 'early settlement model' first developed by archaeologist Atholl Anderson in It is one of many archaeological sites that demonstrate the ancestral Maori occupation of this landscape, particularly the around the river mouths and estuaries.
The catchments along the Otago coastline provided ideal locations for human settlement, affording access to abundant food resources such as seal, kaimoana, moa and other bird species occupying the coastal forests. The physical remains of early Maori occupation at the Pleasant River Mouth Site midden, hangi stones, artefacts provide Kai Tahu and Kati Huirapa ki Puketeraki with a strong tangible link to their past. The Pleasant River Mouth Site reflects an important period in New Zealand history - the early Maori settlement of southern New Zealand during the early prehistoric period.
It is believed that Maori arrived in Otago as early as the 12th century A.
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The Pleasant River Mouth Site has historical significance through its association with the formative development of archaeology in Otago, particularly Peter Gathercole. Gathercole was instrumental in the establishment of Otago archaeology as a professional discipline, and made a significant contribution to New Zealand archaeology as a whole through his appointment to the first teaching position in anthropology at Otago University in Archaeological investigations at the Pleasant River Mouth Site have made a significant contribution to our understanding of early Maori occupation in southern New Zealand, particularly in relation to initial settlement patterns.
There is still potential for further research inquiry however, such as addressing how the later 15th and 16th century camps operated within a wider settlement system. The Pleasant River Mouth is just one of the numerous river mouths and estuaries along the Otago coastline that were favoured by Maori for settlement during the early Archaic phase of New Zealand's prehistory, providing ease of access to a range of land-based and marine resources. Archaeological evidence indicates that the Pleasant River Mouth Site was occupied during the early phase of Maori settlement in New Zealand, referred to as the 'Archaic Period'.
Radiocarbon dates show that Maori repeatedly inhabited the site during the 14th to 16th centuries A. The Pleasant River Mouth Site is the largest of the ten archaeological sites recorded in the immediate vicinity of the Pleasant River estuary, and forms part of a much wider archaeological and cultural landscape reflecting early Maori settlement in coastal Otago. This place was assessed against, and found it to qualify under the following criteria: a, b, c, d, i, k.
It is considered that this place qualifies as a Category I historic place.
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The Pleasant River Mouth Site has considerable archaeological value as one of the key early Maori settlement sites in southern New Zealand. Its contribution to our understanding of early Maori settlement in southern New Zealand is well-noted. The Pleasant River Mouth Site also has historical importance through its association with the formative development of professional archaeology in New Zealand, and it is a place of cultural, traditional and spiritual significance to Kai Tahu and Kati Huirapa ki Puketeraki.
It is a visible reminder that their tupuna once occupied this landscape, attracted by the abundant resources that could be found in its coastal forests, waterways and the sea. Archaeological and traditional evidence points to very early Maori occupation along the Otago coastline.
It is thought that the first Polynesian settlers of Otago arrived as early as the 12th century A. D, focusing their settlement along the coastline but soon colonising the entire province. The Otago coastline provided ideal strategic locations for human settlement, affording access to abundant kaimoana resources including seal and a range of fish species, and moa and other birdlife in the coastal forests that existed at this time.
It is asserted that all of the river mouths and estuaries along the coastline of East Otago, whether large or small, were part of the 'seasonal trails and behaviours of mahinga kai and resource gathering, and hapu and whanau bonding'. This is clearly reflected in the archaeological record, with a density of sites being recorded along the coastline from the Otago Peninsula north to the Waitaki River.
Ten archaeological sites have been recorded within the vicinity of the Pleasant River Mouth alone. The Pleasant River Mouth site is one of the larger sites along the coastline, along with those at Waihemo Shag , Awamoa and Waitaki Rivers to the north. Archaeological investigations reveal that southern Maori repeatedly occupied the Pleasant River Mouth Site from the 14th to 16th centuries, establishing temporary camps.
The earliest camps contain evidence of the hunting of moa and seal, and have been interpreted as satellites of the nearby Waihemo Shag River Mouth village of Onewhenua, a permanent settlement. The later 15th and 16th century camps are less clearly understood, but appear to reflect a more dispersed and fluid settlement pattern within southern New Zealand at this time. Archaeological remains from these later camps indicate that the subsistence focus had shifted to fishing, presumably due to the depletion of moa and seal resources.
Archaeologist and 'curio' collector David Teviotdale made several visits to the site during the years , collecting surface items, and recording his observations in field notebooks. The Otago Museum archaeological collection bears witness to the degree of artefact retrieval from the Pleasant River Mouth Site.
The first known recorded excavation was undertaken by Otago archaeologist Michael Trotter in Trotter recovered faunal remains such as a moa pelvis, dog mandible and fish bones from a small excavation near Area Z of the site see site plan in Appendix 3, pg 26 , as well as a grooved Dentalium reel necklace unit from Area D.
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Further investigations were planned after archaeologists Peter Gathercole and Jack Golson visited in the site in , and resolved to excavate. Gathercole and Golson were both Cambridge-trained archaeologists who had arrived in New Zealand to take up teaching posts in archaeology. Golson accepted New Zealand's first academic post in archaeology at Auckland University in , and Gathercole was appointed to a joint museum-university post in anthropology in Dunedin in Gathercole and Golson had been attempting to locate an undisturbed coastal Moa-hunter site, on the premise of potential excavation, and the Pleasant River Mouth Site was subsequently chosen.
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Excavations were conducted by the Otago Anthropological Society in , under the directorship of Gathercole. The Otago Anthropological Society published a short summary of the excavation, but there was limited analysis of the excavated materials at the time. Teal later produced a more complete analysis of the excavated assemblage for a Otago University postgraduate research essay, at the suggestion of archaeologist Foss Leach.
Teal was assisted with details of the original excavations through correspondence with Peter Gathercole, who had returned to Cambridge to a position at the University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography. Archaeologist Brian Allingham undertook a series of further investigations at the Pleasant River Mouth Site during the period to , involving both surface collection of artefacts, and archaeological excavation. He assigned labels to different areas of the site A-E, P and Z and used these labels to attribute location data to the surface-collected items see the site plan in Appendix 3, pg.
Allingham collected a range of artefactual items including stone flakes and blades, adze fragments, hammer stones and files, in addition to a grooved Dentalium reel from Area D. Trotter undertook a small excavation near Area D in for the purpose of extracting samples for radiocarbon dating, but the two samples produced markedly different results.
The Pleasant River Mouth Site was just one several key archaeological sites excavated by Otago University archaeologists during the s and s to gain information for the purposes of testing such settlement models, which had been previously developed on the basis of both ethnohistoric and palaeoenvironmental data. Other key southern Archaic period sites excavated during this period were the coastal sites of Shag River Mouth and Papatowai, and Hawksburn, in Central Otago. The early settlement model proposed three site types existing during the Archaic period of Maori settlement - single function sites, restricted function sites and multifunction sites.
As the name suggests, single function sites were based around a single function such as moa butchery or tool production, and had restricted seasonal use.
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They also show no evidence for domestic activity. Restricted function sites were places where more than one activity i.
Multi-function sites were settlements or villages, as demonstrated in the archaeological record by a range of artefacts and faunal remains, structural evidence such as hearths, evidence of occupation during winter, and evidence of general domestic activities such as sewing. The early settlement model also contended that restricted function sites or 'camps' existed alongside multi-function sites, and suggests that they continued to exist through into the later Archaic after the decline of the larger villages.
The excavations at the Pleasant River Mouth site gave weight to this theory, with the 14th century camps being interpreted as satellites of the nearby village of Onewhenua at the Waihemo Shag River Mouth. The later camps at the Pleasant River Mouth Site aren't as clearly understood, but they do demonstrate that the occupation of such restricted function sites persisted through into the later Archaic period, after the demise of larger village sites.
Whilst discontinuous, these deposits are concentrated in three main zones, as will be discussed below. Areas of the Pleasant River Mouth Site have been variously labelled after previous archaeological investigations, as shown in the site plan in Appendix 3, pg Our NZ members are mostly single, educated professionals aged 30 Many of them have different dating requirements e. Christian dating , gay dating , Asian dating , older dating , but they are united by one main thing: the desire for a lasting, loving, mutually-supportive relationship.
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