Bordeaux and Montpellier have built comprehensive networks, based on radial routes with numerous interconnections, within the last two decades. Some systems serve only parts of their cities, with Berlin being the prime example, owing to the fact that trams survived the city's political division only in the Eastern part. In Rome , the remnant of the system comprises 3 isolated radial routes, not connecting in the ancient city centre, but linked by a ring route. Some apparently anomalous lines continue in operation where a new line would not on rational grounds be built, because it is much more costly to build a new line than continue operating an existing one.
It is planned to open a line linking Hasselt Belgium with Maastricht Netherlands in Tramway track can have different rail profiles to accommodate the various operating environments of the vehicle. They may be embedded into concrete for street-running operation, or use standard ballasted track with railroad ties on high-speed sections. A more ecological solution is to embed tracks into grass turf. Tramway tracks use a grooved rail with a groove designed for tramway or railway track in pavement or grassed surfaces grassed track or track in a lawn.
The rail has the railhead on one side and the guard on the other. The guard provides accommodation for the flange. The guard carries no weight, but may act as a checkrail.
Grooved rail was invented in by Alphonse Loubat , a French inventor who developed improvements in tram and rail equipment, and helped develop tram lines in New York City and Paris. The invention of grooved rail enabled tramways to be laid without causing a nuisance to other road users, except unsuspecting cyclists, who could get their wheels caught in the groove. The grooves may become filled with gravel and dirt particularly if infrequently used or after a period of idleness and need clearing from time to time, this being done by a "scrubber" tram.
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Failure to clear the grooves can lead to a bumpy ride for the passengers, damage to either wheel or rail and possibly derailing. In narrow situations double-track tram lines sometimes reduce to single track, or, to avoid switches , have the tracks interlaced, e. There is a UK example of interlaced track on the Tramlink , just west of Mitcham Station, where the formation is narrowed by an old landslip causing an obstruction.
See photo in Tramlink entry.
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Historically, the track gauge has had considerable variations, with narrow gauge common in many early systems. However, most light rail systems are now standard gauge. An important advantage of standard gauge is that standard railway maintenance equipment can be used on it, rather than custom-built machinery.
Using standard gauge also allows light rail vehicles to be delivered and relocated conveniently using freight railways and locomotives. Another factor favoring standard gauge is that low-floor vehicles are becoming popular, and there is generally insufficient space for wheelchairs to move between the wheels in a narrow gauge layout.
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Standard gauge also enables — at least in theory — a larger choice of manufacturers and thus lower procurement costs for new vehicles. However, other factors such as electrification or loading gauge for which there is more variation may require costly custom built units regardless. Tram stops may be similar to bus stops in design and use, particularly in street-running sections, where in some cases other vehicles are legally required to stop clear of the tram doors.
Some stops may resemble to railway platforms , particularly in private right-of-way sections and where trams are boarded at standard railway platform height , as opposed to using steps at the doorway or low-floor trams. Approximately 5, new trams are manufactured each year. As of February , 4, new trams were on order from their makers, with options being open for a further 1, Trams are in a period of growth, with about tram systems operating around the world, 10 or so new systems being opened each year, and many being gradually extended.
In the past 20 years their numbers have been augmented by modern tramway or light rail systems in cities that had discarded this form of transport. There have also been some new tram systems in cities that never previously had them. Tramways with tramcars British English or street railways with streetcars North American English were common throughout the industrialised world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries but they had disappeared from most British, Canadian, French and US cities by the midth century.
By contrast, trams in parts of continental Europe continued to be used by many cities, although there were contractions in some countries, including the Netherlands. Since trams have returned to favour in many places, partly because their tendency to dominate the roadway, formerly seen as a disadvantage, is now considered to be a merit since it raises the visibility of public transport encouraging car users to change their mode of travel , and enables streets to be reconfigured to give more space to pedestrians, making cites more pleasant places to live.
In Milan, Italy, the old " Ventotto " trams are considered by its inhabitants a "symbol" of the city. The same can be said of trams in Melbourne in general, but particularly the iconic W class.
The Toronto streetcar system had similarly become an iconic symbol of the city, operating the largest network in the Americas as well as the only large-scale tram system in Canada not including light rail systems, or heritage lines. However it was completely closed in The final line, the Santa teresa route was closed in Substituting subway services for tram routes continues. As from , the Melbourne system currently recognised as the world's largest took over Sydney's title as the largest network in Australia.
In many European cities, much tramway infrastructure was lost in the midth century, though not always on the same scale as in other parts of the world such as North America.
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Most of Central and Eastern Europe retained the majority of its tramway systems and it is here that the largest and busiest tram systems in the world are found. Whereas most systems and vehicles in the tram sector are found in Central and Eastern Europe, in the s and s, tram systems were shut down in many places in Western Europe, however urban transportation has been experiencing a sustained long running revival since the s.
Many European cities are rehabilitating, upgrading, expanding and reconstructing their old tramway lines and building new tramway lines. In North America, these vehicles are called "streetcars" or "trolleys" ; the term tram is more likely to be understood as an aerial tramway or a people-mover. Streetcar systems were developed in late 19th to early 20th centuries in a number of cities throughout North America. However, most North American cities saw its streetcar lines removed in the midth century for a variety of financial, technological and social reasons.
Toronto currently operates the largest streetcar system in the Americas in terms of track length and ridership. Operated by the Toronto Transit Commission , the streetcar system is the only large-scale streetcar system existing in Canada, excluding heritage streetcar, or light rail systems that are operated in other Canadian municipalities.
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The streetcar system was established in , and used a variety of vehicles in its history, including horse-drawn streetcars, Peter Witt streetcars , the PCC streetcar, and the Canadian Light Rail Vehicle and its articulated counterpart, the Articulated Light Rail Vehicle. Since 29 December , [] the system exclusively uses the Flexity Outlook made by Bombardier Transportation. However, Canadian cities excluding Toronto, removed their streetcar systems in the midth century. In the late s and early s, light rail systems were introduced in Calgary and Edmonton; with another light rail system established in Ottawa in There is now something of a renaissance for light railways in mid-sized cities with Waterloo, Ontario the first to come on line and construction underway in Mississauga, Ontario.
In the late 20th century, several Canadian locales restored portions of their defunct streetcar lines, operating them as a heritage feature for tourists. Pittsburgh had kept most of its streetcar system serving the city and many suburbs, making it the longest-lasting large-network streetcar system in the United States. In the late 20th century, several cities installed modern light rail systems, in part along the same corridors as their old streetcars systems, the first of these being the San Diego Trolley in San Diego in In the s, some cities in the United States brought back streetcars lines, including Memphis , Tampa , and Little Rock ; However, these streetcar systems were designed as heritage streetcar lines, and used vintage or replica-vintage vehicles.
The first "second-generation streetcar systems" in North America was opened in Portland in They are typically powered and will accept plastic figures inside. Common manufacturers are Roco and Lima , with many custom models being made as well. Bowser Manufacturing has produced white metal models for over 50 years.
Many of these run on O scale trams are also very popular among tram modellers because the increased size allows for more detail and easier crafting of overhead wiring. In the US these models are usually purchased in epoxy or wood kits and some as brass models. The Saint Petersburg Tram Company [] produces highly detailed polyurethane non-powered O Scale models from around the world which can easily be powered by trucks from vendors like Q-Car.
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It is thought that the first example of a working model tramcar in the UK built by an amateur for fun was in , when Frank E. Nathan was a passenger by No. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Street-running light rail. This article is about public transport vehicles running on rails. For other uses of "tram", see Tram disambiguation. For other uses, see Streetcar disambiguation. Main article: History of trams.
Main article: Horsecar. See also: Tram engine and Steam dummy. Main article: Cable car railway. Main article: List of tram systems by gauge and electrification.
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Main article: Convict tramway. Main article: Types of Trams. Main articles: Railway electrification system and Current collector. Main article: Ground-level power supply. Main article: Tramway track. Main article: Tram stop. Tram stops can range from purpose-built, tram-exclusive facilities left , to simple stops within a public road right. Main articles: Tram and light rail transit systems , List of tram and light rail transit systems , and List of town tramway systems.
Countries with tram networks. Countries without tram networks. Main article: List of largest town tramway systems. This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. January Main article: List of town tramway systems in Africa.
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Main article: Trams in Asia. See also: Trams in China. Main article: Trams in Europe. Main article: Streetcars in North America. Further information: List of tram accidents. Further information: Trams in popular culture. See also: Rail transport modelling. Transport portal Trains portal. The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 19 February Archived from the original on 9 April A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue up to Dictionary of the Scots Language.